Zeinab Badawi continues her journey through the history of human development travelling to meet the Maasai of east Africa - one of the best known of the continent’s ethnic groups. They help explain how human beings began to domesticate animals and become pastoralists. Then in Zimbabwe with one lively farming family, Zeinab examines how humans also began to settle and make a living from farming. And she also looks at how the Iron Age transformed life in Africa and paved the way for the development of rich urban civilisations.

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Africans Visited the Americas Long Before Columbus | African History; The truth is that black Africans, Indians, Polynesians, Chinese and Arabs had visited the Americas long before Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus as the "first man to discover the Americas" is a myopic event that only happened in the minds of Eurocentric historians with an aryan colonial agenda.

Rakghana | African History | African Culture | Christopher Columbus Discovery of the Americas | Black African | Africans Visited the Americas Long Before Columbus

Pls kindly subscribe to @Rakghana for more positive insight into Africa, African History, African Culture and Black History

#rakghana #africanhistory #africanculture #christophercolumbus #blackhistory #columbus

CountryBalls - History of Africa

Welcome to the CountryZ channel!
On our channel you will see a lot of informative, funny and interesting animations. Our channel is dedicated to what would happen if countries were enveloped in the horror of the zombie apocalypse, I wish you a pleasant viewing experience and good emotions!


more CountryBalls, more Zombies!!!
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The Library that will Save African History

#WithoutHistory #history #mali #gao #timbuktu #Alexandria #kemet #Greece
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Sources:
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/267513563
Musa I of Mali | Biography, Wealth, Slaves, Pilgrimage, & Facts | Britannica

Treasures of Timbuktu — Google Arts & Culture
Wikipedia

Books
Diaries of Ibn Battuta
Manuscripts from Ahmed Baba

Pictures & vids
https://i.pinimg.com/originals..../d4/86/73/d48673e1f8
Timbuktu | Historical illustration, Black architecture, African history (pinterest.ch)
https://www.youtube.com/@worldprism9057/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VrdZp9xS6w

Join us on a captivating journey through the untold stories of ancient black ancestry found within the pages of the Bible. In this immersive cinematic experience, we explore the lineage of Ham, one of Noah's sons, and how it connects to the rich tapestry of black people history. Discover the forgotten tales of mighty kings, beautiful queens, and the remarkable civilizations that once flourished across the continent. Don't miss this enlightening exploration of our shared heritage. Like, comment, and subscribe to our channel for more captivating historical content!

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Hidden Black History They Are Terrified To Teach In School

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Revealed! Why Black Africans Were Historically Viewed as a Threat | Black History Documentary

When the White Europeans came in contact with Black people for the very first time, they knew Black people were extremely dominant. White Europeans did not have to think hard to understand that if Black people were given the same facilities they had, they would completely overpower them everywhere. This includes social, economic, and political life, including even private life, where White Europeans feared losing their partners due to Black people’s dominance. That’s when White Europeans thought about marginalizing Black people, alienating them, as Karl Marx said. It was the threat perception of Black people that made White Europeans ultra-defensive, imposing a racist system. But what are the reasons that made White Europeans view Black Africans as a threat?
The historical perception of Black Africans as a threat by America and Europe during the era of slavery is deeply entrenched in a multifaceted framework of economic, social, and racial dynamics. Numerous factors contributed to this perception.
Economic Exploitation: The transatlantic slave trade was predominantly motivated by economic gain. European powers and later American colonies capitalized on the labor of enslaved Africans to drive profitability in industries such as agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. Enslaved Africans were viewed as valuable assets essential for the economic prosperity of plantation-based economies in the Americas.
Racial Prejudice: The emergence of racial prejudice and the doctrine of white supremacy played a pivotal role in justifying the enslavement of Africans. Europeans and Americans propagated racist ideologies portraying Black Africans as inferior, primitive, and inherently suited for servitude. This dehumanizing narrative served as a rationale for the cruel treatment and exploitation of enslaved Africans.
Fear of Resistance: Enslaved Africans were perceived as a potential threat to the stability of slave societies due to the constant risk of rebellion and resistance. Slave owners and colonial authorities feared uprisings and insurrections among the enslaved population. Consequently, harsh punitive measures, surveillance, and strict control were employed to suppress any signs of dissent.
Social Control: Slavery served not only as an economic system but also as a mechanism for social control. Enslaved Africans represented a marginalized and oppressed group whose labor was exploited to maintain the power and privilege of the ruling class. By depicting Black Africans as inherently inferior and dangerous, slave owners sought to justify their subjugation and uphold social order.
Ideological Hegemony: The perpetuation of negative stereotypes and narratives about Black Africans reinforced the existing power structures in America and Europe. White elites wielded control over political, economic, and social institutions, leveraging racial hierarchies to justify their dominance and preserve their privileged status in society.
Over time, Black African Americans have faced consistent marginalization and systemic discrimination. From the era of slavery to the Civil Rights Movement and beyond, Black individuals have confronted pervasive bias, inequality, and violence.
It's essential for Black individuals to comprehend black history to truly understand their cultural heritage and identity. Watching documentaries about black culture offers deep insights into the challenges and successes of Black communities. Examining the history of slavery and its effects on Black lives is crucial for recognizing and addressing systemic injustices. Black literature offers a diverse range of stories that mirror the variety and strength of Black experiences. Embracing black identity involves appreciating the depth and diversity of Black culture. Learning about black history facts empowers Black individuals to take control of their narrative and advocate for social justice.

0:00 Why This Threat Perception Exists
0:52 Economic independence threat
3:04 Fear of rebellion
4:38 Threat to social order
5:55 Cultural and religious differences and hegemony threat
7:42 Intellectual threat
9:12 Sexual threat
11:04 Fear of retribution
12:16 Loss of power and privilege

Sources:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704014
https://www.barrons.com/news/b....lack-americans-suffe
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784238
https://journals.sagepub.com/d....oi/pdf/10.1007/s1211
https://www.theatlantic.com/na....tional/archive/2012/
https://blog.apaonline.org/202....0/06/08/the-lives-th
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4608988
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../science-nature/dist


#BlackHistory #BlackCulture #BlackHistoryDocumentary #WhyBlackAfricansWereHistoricallyViewedasaThreat #slavery

Sources: The Cambridge History of South Africa (2010) by Carolyn Hamilton, Bernard K. Mbenga and Robert Ross. Cambridge University Press, UK.
https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa

Pictures:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Sevilla_Ro https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Bosquimano ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Bosquimano ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Swazi_men_ ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:COLLECTIE_ ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:17th_century_pl ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Sur%C3%A1f ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Shaka%27s_Empir ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Iziko_Slave_Lod ; https://upload.wikimedia.org/w....ikipedia/commons/7/7 ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Great_Trek_map_ ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:BoerGriquaRepub ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Gold_nugge ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Amathole_m https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Amathole_m ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Granietpan ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:1962-21-12_tuss ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:SAR_Class_ ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Naspers_Bu ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Absa_Centr ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Murder_at_Sharp ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Troop3_of_DSqua ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Mirage_F1CZ_For ; https://www.theguardian.com/wo....rld/2016/jun/16/my-a ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Frederik_Willem ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Bundesarchiv_Bi ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Physiological_n ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Robben_Island_f ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:University ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:HIV_In_Africa.s ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Beer_with_ ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:New_Ermelo ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:28s_HL_gan ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Lines_of_l ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Julius_Malema_2 ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Thabo_Mofu ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Gautrain,_ ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Trust_Bank_Buil ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Ponte_City ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:2207_GLH_a ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:2207_GLH_a ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:11_Diagona ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Night_in_J ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Ayuntamiento,_C ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Clifton_Beachs. ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Cape_Town_ ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Spectators ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Africa_smi ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Beach_Road ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:ZA-durban- ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:View_of_Pr ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Jakarandas ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Sur%C3%A1f ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Castleburn ; https://beyondthesinglestory.w....ordpress.com/2020/11 ; https://www.nwu.ac.za/sites/ww....w.nwu.ac.za/files/fi ; https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:J.M._Coetz ;

Video:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Struisvoge

#southafrica #history

📜 Africa's Zulu Empire - African History Part 1 Extra History
With no written records from the Zulus themselves, historians and anthropologists have pieced together their history from a smattering of sources. We first learn of the Zulu as a minor tribe of the Bantu people, living in South Africa. Shaka Zulu, the man who would organize them into an empire, was born the illegitimate son of a Zulu king. He was sent away with his mother Nandi to grow up in her tribe, the Langeni, but he eventually caught the attention of Dingiswayo, the leader of another powerful tribe called the Mtethwa. Appointed as the leader of a squadron called an ibutho, Shaka developed new tactics including a short "iklwa" fighting spear and a simple but effective military maneuever called "the Bull Horn." When his father died, Shaka - now a successful military leader - returned with Dingiswayo's backing to assassinate the rightful heir and assume control of his native tribe. Just a year later, though, the neighboring Ndwandwe tribe murdered Dingiswayo and Shaka vowed revenge on their leader, Zwide. He then launched a bloody war that, combined with the strains created by European colonization, led to the Mefacane, or the Crushing.

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#ExtraHistory #africa #History

In this episode, Zeinab Badawi provides an overview of how Africans lived before the arrival of Europeans. We see traditional religion in practice in Kenya, we meet a traditional medicine practitioner in Congo, and in Uganda, we witness traditional justice in action as community elders adjudicate in a matrimonial dispute.

We hear from one local king who reminisces about how compassionate and ordered life was under the old ways and a local chief and his family in Zambia provide insights of traditional village life before the disruptive influence of Europeans.

The title describes a people who were becoming 'no longer at ease’ in the run up to one of the ugliest chapters in human history: the trans Atlantic slave trade. The late acclaimed Nigerian author Chinua Achebe wrote a book with the same title.

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In this episode Zeinab Badawi visits rarely seen historic sites and magnificent ruins in Mali and Mauritania in west Africa. We hear from Africans about how trans-Saharan trade, mainly in gold, meant that by about the 7th century rich kingdoms became established in West Africa. These eventually gave rise to three of the greatest empires on the continent, including the Mali Empire which began in the 13th century. Under armed guard, Zeinab visits the fabled city of Timbuktu, which was overrun by extremists in 2012. Mali’s ruler Mansa Musa was reputedly the wealthiest individual to have ever lived. She brings a rich narrative of a period in Africa’s history when it was a significant player in the world economy, and influenced global thinking through great centres of learning.

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History documentary on the Mali Cavalry, Knights of Africa! Dive into this period with the book "Griots Tell No Lies" (US link https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CSBMW7MN?ref_=cm_sw_r_apin_dp_NG25M2V1BX5WB4DX8J2E&language=en-US) (UK link
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0CSBMW7MN?nodl=1&ref_=cm_sw_r_apin_dp_6DQJ88KWK1X5AMYGFBNN&language=en-GB&dplnkId=d5c97219-e5b5-4894-a102-23b3a618ceb1)

In this Units of History episode we turn our attention beyon the traditional confines of medieval history to explore the realm of West Africa and in particular the African Knights of the Mali Empire. We begin with a general overview of the region's geography which spans the vast, diverse lands between the Sahrara desert and the Atlantic ocean.

We then explore the rise of the Ghana Empire which set the stage for our story. Upon this great power's fall in the 11th century of Medieval Africa, the region would fall into conflict. For a time the Sosso rose as successors. However they would be challenged by the southern Mandinka people. Their clash for the fate of the realm would be decided by the charge of heavy cavalry. But to understand the dynamics of this fight we cover the equipment, training, tactics, and organization of these Knights of Africa.

Sources:
Spring, Christopher, African Arms and Armour, British Museum Press, 1993
Walker, Robin, When We Ruled: The Ancient and Medieval History of Black Civilizations, Black Classic Press, 2011
Diop, Cheikh Anta, Precolonial Black Africa, A Cappella Books, 1988
Niane, Djibril Tamsir, Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali, Pearson Longman; 2nd edition, 2006

Music:
"Desert Night" by Luke PN
"Heart of Africa" by Luke PN
"Life in Africa" by Luke PN

Credits:
Research = J. Bela
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

Other Units of Africa
Nubian Archers https://youtu.be/qvO3_kYRRw8?si=uZU_v0llG8EEWzwS
Numidian Cavalry https://youtu.be/3tv7EbkrX38?si=Od9YOK0f5umzjyBZ
Sacred Band of Carthage https://youtu.be/oX3y1GYcCEY?si=Wwn6eKMQPyAb-ww4
Carthaginian War Elephants https://youtu.be/hDSRHGFCWEo?si=FCL-J7gUvR_vS9Zl

Timestamps
00:00 Intro
02:57 West Africa
07:00 Origins
10:08 Equipment
15:29 Blacksmithing
16:43 Training
20:53 Organization
22:56 Service History
26:20 Outro

#africa #history #documentary

Most Powerful Queens In African History

Throughout the ages, some women have managed to dominate in a man’s world. They gained unprecedented power, riches, and glory, which made them respectable rulers of the land. These powerful figures had significant influence over the affairs of the kingdom. They led the kingdom with precision, creating a dynamic environment for the common folk. But, every ruler has their own story to tell. Let’s take a look at some of the most powerful queens in African history.

🎨 Artwork from Jedidah Chick via www.onaiiart.com

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Learn about the real black history they never taught us in school so you can discover who you truly are and escape the matrix. Click here ➡️ https://blackcultureunlocked.com/products/theroot

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Black Culture Unlocked is a movement focused on bringing the raw truth and real history to the culture. Our mission is to write our own stories and unlock the minds of the culture to become free thinkers. Subscribe and turn on post notifications to join the movement!

Sources:
https://egyptianmuseum.org/exp....lore/new-kingdom-rul
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/culture/article
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nefertiti
https://www.arce.org/resource/....nefertiti-egyptian-w
https://www.dw.com/en/amina-th....e-warrior-queen-of-z
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanirenas
https://wonderopolis.org/wonde....r/Who-Was-the-One-Ey
https://www.brooklynmuseum.org..../eascfa/dinner_party
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Queen-of-Sheb
https://breathlist.com/africa/....ghana/explore/who-wa
https://www.afa-afa.org/africa....n-queens/queen-nandi
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah..../hd/pwmn_2/hd_pwmn_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moremi_Ajasoro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranavalona_I

The Sumerians, known as the "Black-headed people /Modern Day Indo-Arabs & Ethiopians," represent one of the most ancient multicultural civilizations on record. They are believed to be descended from the 12 Tribes of Israel, encompassing African, Indo-European, and Asiatic people, Sumer was a multiracial and multicultural and integrated civilization of African & Indo-European people which thrived in southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, which was historically part of the African continent, from around 4500 to 1900 BCE, however conquerors have notably rearranged maps to separate territories and people of Africa & The Middle East. This civilization is credited with pioneering many achievements, including the development of one of the world's earliest writing systems, cuneiform, as well as significant advances in mathematics, astronomy, architecture, governance, and unfortunately, slavery between Pre-Sumerians (African-Asiatics) and Post-Sumerians (Arabic-Asiatics/Indo European).

Following them, the Post-Sumerians, referred to as the "Brown-headed people," conquered the early regions of the Pre-Sumerians and established territories that split the connected African continent into the Middle Eastern and Arabian Peninsula territories. When they were once a fully multiracial and multicultural people, the Hittites (Post-Sumerians) separated themselves and other "Black-headed Sumerians" out of their home regions. They established trade routes that could have extended through the Arabian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa. These routes facilitated the exchange of goods like ivory, gold, and exotic animals from Asia Minor, to Africa.

Africans were the predecessors of both the Mesopotamian and Egyptian kingdoms, which were later invaded by their ancestral cousins... Indo-Europeans/Hitties. Both Africans and Indo-Europeans are Sumerians and Egyptians due to invading each other's territories, enslaving each other (Exodus) intermarriages, interbreeding and becoming a integrated but still hostile/racist society to each other.

References & Research:

Sapiens: History of Humankind: https://a.co/d/eRML5kf

Earth Chronicles: https://a.co/d/5vycw8w

The Lost Book Of Enki: https://a.co/d/3oUT7H6

Twelfth Planet: https://a.co/d/0o2fp2

12 Tribes of Israel: https://www.britannica.com/top....ic/Twelve-Tribes-of-

Tribe of Judah (Hittites, Indo Europeons, Persian, Turkish, Post- Sumerians) etc

Tribe of Gad (Africans, Ethiopians, Nigerians, Pre-Sumerians) etc

Black Headed People: https://archive.org/details/th....e-lost-book-of-enki-

Zecharia Sitchin was a controversial author who proposed alternative theories about the Sumerians and their interactions with extraterrestrial beings. He claimed that Sumerian texts, particularly their mythologies and writings, contain evidence of ancient astronauts visiting Earth from a planet called Nibiru. Sitchin's interpretations suggest that these visitors genetically engineered humans to serve as a labor force. They believed in multiple gods (aliens) and not one god.

- CIA Reading Room - UFO Documents
CIA UFO Archives

-NASA - Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication
NASA Report

-Robert Morning Sky - Terra Papers

-Compendium of Emerald Tablets - Billy Carson

-UFOs, Ancient Texts Such as Egyptian Book of the Dead, and Ancient Civilizations' Communities
Bashar, Dolores Cannon, Billy Carson, Elena Danaan Bob Lazar, Z.Sitchin, Steve Greer, Graham Hancock, Ancient Aliens, Akashic Records, and Much More.

Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
2:11 Early History of Sumerian Civilization
2:52 Cuneiform Writing/ Ancient Clay Tablets
3:55 City of Ur
5:09 Archeologist Findings of Ancient Sumerians
6:30 Multi-cultures of Sumer & City Structures /
9:30 Annunaki-Mesopotamian Gods / International Trade
13:41 Middle History of Sumerian Civilization
16:40 Invention of Astrology, Calendar, & Astronomy
19:40 The Regions Of Sumer / Agriculture, Economics / Legal Systems
24:27 Physical features of Early humans/Sumerians/Vedic Texts
27:30 The Third Region of Sumer Invasions
32:00 Late period of Sumer
35:45 Sargon of Akkad
36:44 Poem By Enheduanna

For Researchers:
For those seeking further references and scientific resources, the following databases are recommended:

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL): Link
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI): Link
Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (PSD): Link

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Astral Legends Film and TV Company retains all rights to its copyrighted materials. Please give credit to Astral legends on any reposts, Any unauthorized use with no credit of Astral Legends or reproduction is subject to copyright action. For more information, please refer to our copyright disclaimer.

What do you know about the many African countries? Have you ever visited any of the famous landmarks? Learn all about this beautiful continent in Facts about Africa for Kids. You and your students will discover just how amazing Africa is.

Almost right off the bat, you and your kids will learn that Africa is considered the Mother Continent or Cradle of Mankind. The reason is that Africa is the oldest inhabited continent on the earth. In fact, scientists have found fossils of humans and their ancestors through every stage of evolution. Africa is divided into 54 countries, which is the most of any continent. It is home to over 3,000 indigenous peoples, over 1,000 languages, and has a total population of 1.1 billion people.

Africa is surrounded by water, and its landmass is divided almost equally in half by the equator. The terrain includes a variety of habitats, including mountains, tropical rainforests, savannahs, and deserts. With such a variety of terrain, it's no wonder there is also a lot of different animals as well. These include lions, elephants, hippopotamuses, and zebras. But it also includes gorillas, snakes, and other tropical animals. You may be surprised to learn that the most dangerous animal toward humans is not a lion or crocodile. It's actually the hippo! Hippos are the most likely animal to attack a human.

We hope you and your student(s) enjoyed learning about the countries of Africa! If you want to learn even more, head over to our website and download one of our many free lesson plans about this cool continent, full of activities, worksheets, and more!

https://learnbright.org/lesson....s/social-studies/all
https://learnbright.org/lesson....s/social-studies/the

What you will learn in Facts about Africa for Kids:
0:00 Introduction to Africa
0:32 Cradle of Mankind and Mother Continent
1:38 Geography of Africa
2:13 Where is Africa and what does it look like?
3:11 The countries in Africa
4:14 The Nile River and other famous geographical features
5:09 The Pyramids of Giza and other attractions
6:13 African animals
7:06 Review of the facts

Thank you for watching and learning with us! We’re constantly releasing new content and videos, so click that “Subscribe” button and you’ll get notified.

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*Teachers and Parents! Did you know? In addition to these great videos, we have also created a library of high-quality and engaging lessons for your elementary aged student(s). Visit us and sign up for a free account, and you'll instantly have access to thousands of lesson plans, learning materials, teaching instructions, activities, and assignments that your kids will really enjoy! We hope to see you soon!

Browse our entire collection of Social Studies lesson plans: https://learnbright.org/lessons/?filter_subject=social-studies

#FactsAboutAfricaForKids
#ContinentOfAfrica

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Africa was riding high before colonialism, so how did the history of Africa take such a dramatic turn from the wealthy empires of Egypt, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai to the Atlantic slave trade and the colonial era? Key events in history of Africa before colonialism help to explain the rise and fall of the continent.

Related:
What Is Africana Studies? (Full Episode); https://youtu.be/FTaAyaicMLo

Why African Culture Matters: A Survival Toolkit; https://youtu.be/NIIgcrarzZo

"Person Of The Year For 1324" https://www.forbesafrica.com/e....xtreme-execs/2015/02

Table of Contents:
01:01 - Intro
03:11 - Egypt and World Trade
03:44 - Greece and Rome in North Africa
05:38 - Islamic Expansion
06:28 - West Africa's Rise: Ghana Mali & Songhai
09:15 - West Africa's Demise
13:32 - Question of the Day

On September 12, 1977, the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa was dealt a heavy blow due to the death of Bantu Steve Biko, a popular voice of Black liberation in South Africa between the mid 1960s until his death in police detention in 1977.

Biko was one of the most prominent leaders in the anti-apartheid struggle and in some quarters he was seen as “the most important black South African leader of this generation.” So important, in fact, that the Apartheid Government was terrified of him.

**************************************************************************
Sources:

Steve Biko: I WRITE WHAT I LIKE

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Steve-Biko

https://www.thoughtco.com/step....hen-bantu-steve-biko

https://www.sahistory.org.za/p....eople/stephen-bantu-

https://daily.jstor.org/the-de....ath-of-steve-biko-re

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africa....atlse/2021/08/19/ste

https://www.history.com/this-d....ay-in-history/afrika

https://artsandculture.google.....com/story/-wWBQm1-1Q

https://www.sbf.org.za/home/steve-biko/

***************************************************************************

Music:

Arid Foothills - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Artifact - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100324
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Meditation Impromptu 03 by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100161
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

John Stockton Slow Drag by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/uvp/
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Silent Partner: The Rain

Allegro: Emit Fenn

***********************************************************************
Feel free to reach out to us at africanbiographics[at]gmail.com

#SteveBiko #apartheid #southafrica

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Sources:
Williams, Christopher. "Explaining the Great War in Africa: How Conflict in the Congo Became a Continental Crisis." The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 37, no. 2 (2013): 81-100.
International Crisis Group, “Congo at War: A Briefing on the Internal and External Players in the Central African Conflict,” November 17, 1998.
John F. Clark, “Museveni’s Adventure in the Congo War: Uganda’s Vietnam?” in The
African Stakes of the Congo War, ed. John F. Clark (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2002)
Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, “Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” April 12, 2001
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A Peoples History. London: Zed Books, 2013.

Music:
Dawn without End by Zach Heyde

Dance & Electronic by Andrew Huang

Consequence - Wonders by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Decisions by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100756
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Exotic Battle by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100451
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Antonio Salieri, Twenty six variations on La Folia de Spagna
London Mozart Players
Matthias Bamert, as conductor